ES EN
Vol. 20. Num. 3. - 2011. Pages 295-307

Physician Brain Drain from Sub-Saharan Africa: Exploring the Utility of an Eco-psychopolitical Validity Framework for Medical Migration Research

[Fuga de Cerebros en el Sector Médico del África Subsahariana: Explorando la Utilidad de un Marco de Validez Eco-psi copolíticapara la Investigación sobre la Migración Médica]

Siankam, Benjamin


https://doi.org/10.5093/in2011v20n3a6

Abstract

In-depth understanding of any critical social issue requires investigators to use analytical tools that reflect the complexity of the social issue of interest. Toward this aim, I examine the medical brain drain from Sub-Saharan Africa to the United States through the lens of the eco-psychopolitical validity model (see, Christen & Perkins, 2008; Prilleltensky, 2008), an integrative approach that stresses the combined influences of structural factors, individual agency, and power at play in human dynamics and social systems. By adapting the eco-psychopolitical validity model to the study of medical skilled migration, I construe migration as a liberating venture articulated around the triadic process of oppression, empowerment, and wellness. If migrants yearn to breathe free, then émigré physicians are essentially in pursuit of liberation and wellbeing. However, in a world of profound health disparities, where the increasing emigration of medical doctors from resource-constrained countries ultimately leads to loss of lives in the communities left behind, migrant doctors´ individual agency and the multilevel contexts that enable or constrain them to emigrate require critical reflection. Some emerging themes and variations of an ongoing qualitative study are examined using the eco-psychopolitical validity paradigm.

Resumen

La comprensión en profundidad de cualquier tópico social requiere la utilización por parte de los investigadores de herramientas analíticas que reflejen su complejidad. Con este fin, examino la fuga de cerebros en el sector médico del África subsahariana hacia los Estados Unidos a través del modelo de validez eco-psicopolítica (véase Christen y Perkins, 2008; Prilleltensky, 2008). Se trata de un enfoque integrador que resalta las influencias combinadas de los factores estructurales, la agencia individual y las fuerzas que obran en la dinámica humana y los sistemas sociales. La validación eco-psicopolítica del estudio de la migración de los profesionales médicos, supone observar la migración como una empresa liberadora articulada alrededor del proceso tríadico de opresión, empoderamiento y bienestar. Si los emigrantes buscan libertad, entonces los médicos emigrantes buscan esencialmente liberación y bienestar. Sin embargo, en un mundo con profundas disparidades en salud, la creciente emigración de médicos de los países de recursos limitados conduce finalmente a la pérdida de vidas en las comunidades que dejan atrás. Por tanto, la agencia individual de los médicos que emigran y los múltiples contextos que les posibilitan o les impiden emigrar precisan de una profunda reflexión. Algunos temas y variaciones emergentes de un estudio cualitativo en curso son analizados utilizando el paradigma de validez eco-psicopolítico.

Keywords

eco-psychopolitical validity
liberation
medical migration
oppression
wellness.

Palabras clave

bienestar
liberación
migración médica
opresión
validez eco-psicopolítica.
References
Adepoju, 2004
A. Adepoju
Trends in international in and from Africa
International migration: Prospects and policies in a global market.
Oxford University Press
New York
2004
American Medical Association, 2011
American Medical Association
American Medical Association Physician Professional Data
2011
AndyMedia (2007 et al.,
AndyMedia (2007, March 7). Ethiopia's Prime Minister: “We don’t need doctors”. Retrieved from: h t t p & # 5 8 ; & # 4 7 ; & # 4 7 ; w w w & # 4 6 ; e t h i omedia.com/articles/we_do_not_need_doctors.html .
Akhtar, 1995
S. Akhtar
A third individuation: Immigration, identity, and the psychoanalytic process
Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association
43
1995
1051-84
Arango, 2004
J. Arango
Theories of international migration
International migration in the new millennium: Global movements and settlements
Ashgate Publishsing Limited
Burlington, VT
2004
15-35
Baker and Wright, 1955
R. Baker
H. Wright
Midwest and its childr The psychologi cal ecology of an American town
1955
Bartky, 1990
S.L. Bartky
Feminity and domination: Studies in the phenomenology of domination
1990
Beine et al., 2007
M. Beine
F. Docquier
A. Marfouk
Measuring international skilled migration: A new database controlling for age of entry
The World Bank Economic Review
21
2007
249-54
Beine et al., 2008
M. Beine
F. Docquier
H. Rapoport
Brain drain and human capital formation in developing countries: Winners and losers
The Economic Journal
118
2008
631-52
Berry et al., 2006
W.J. Berry
S.J. Phinney
L.J. Sam
P. Vedder
Youth immigrant: Acculturation, identity, adaptation Applied Psychology
An International Review
55
2006
303-36
Bhagwati and Partington, 1976
J. Bhagwati
M. Partington
Taxing the brain bra A. proposal
1976
Borjas, 2000
J.B. Borjas
Issues in the economics of Immigration
2000
Boyd, 1989
M. Boyd
Family and personal networks in international migration Recenty developments and new agendas
International Migration Review
23
1989
638-70
Bronfenbrenner, 1979
The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design
1979
Castles, 2002
S. Castles
Migration and community formation under conditions of globalization
International Migration Review
36
2002
1143-68
Cheng and Yang, 1998
L. Cheng
P.Q. Yang
Global interaction, global inequality, and migration of the highly y trained to the United States
International Migration Review
32
1998
626-53
Christen and Perkins, 2008
B. Christen
D. Perkins
Transdisciplinary, multilevel action research to enhance ecological and psychopolitical validity
Journal of Community Psychology
36
2008
214-31
Fanon, 1963
F. Fanon
The wretched of the earth
1963
Farmer, 1996
P. Farmer
On suffering and structural violence: A view from below
Doedalus
125
1996
261-83
Farmer, 1999
P. Farmer
Pathologies of power: Rethinking health and human rights
American Journal of Public Health
89
1999
1486-96
Federal Bureau of Investigation, (2009). et al.,
Federal Bureau of Investigation (2009). Head of English language school sentenced to federal prison for immigration fraud conspiracy. Retrieved from: h t t p & # 5 8 ; & # 4 7 ; & # 4 7 ; w w w.fbi.gov/atlanta/press-releases/2009/atl083109.htm .
Freire, 1972
P. Freire
Pedagogy of the oppressed
1972
Fryer, 2008
D. Fryer
Power from the people? Critical reflection on the conceptualization of power
Journal of Community Psychology
36
2008
238-45
Groody, 2009
D.G. Groody
Crossing the divide: Foundations of a theology of migration and refugees
Theological Studies
70
2009
638-67
Groopman, 2006
J.E. Groopman
Foreword
The soul of a doctor: Harvard medical students face life and death
Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill
New York
2006
Grubel and Scott, 1966
H.G. Grubel
A. Scott
The international flow of human capital
American Economic Review
56
1966
268-74
Hagopian et al., 2005
A. Hagopian
A. Ofosu
A. Fatusi
R. Biritwum
A. Essel
H.L. Gary
C. Watts
The flight of physicians from West Africa: Views of African physicians and implications for policy
Social Science & Medicine
61
2005
1750-60
Health Check, 2011
Health Check (2011, April 13). How Ethiopia is getting health care to rural areas by training local women to provide it. Is it improving the nation's health? Retrieved from: h t t p & # 5 8 ; & # 4 7 ; & # 4 7 ; w w w & # 4 6 ; b b c & # 4 6 ; c o & # 4 6 ; u k & # 4 7 ; i p layer/episode/p00fvn5q/Health_Check_13_04_2011/ .
Health Check, 2011
Health Check (2011, April 6). Why hundreds of Ethiopia's doctors are leaving to work abroad. What's drawing them away, can they be encouraged to stay and what's the impact on the country's health? Retrieved from: h t t p & # 5 8 ; & # 4 7 ; & # 4 7 ; w w w & # 4 6 ; b b c & # 4 6 ; c o & # 4 6 ; u k & # 47;iplayer/episode/p00fvl5n/Health_Check_06_04_2011 /.
Hollifield, 2004
F.J. Hollifield
The emerging migration state
International Migration Review
38
2004
885-912
Johnson, 1965
H. Johnson
The economics of the ‘brain brain’: The Canadian case
Minerva
3
1965
299-311
Kapur and McHale, 2005
D. Kapur
J. McHale
Give us your best and brightest: The global hunt for talent and its impact on the developing world
2005
Kothari, 2001
U. Kothari
Power knowledge and social control in participatory development
Participation: The new tyranny?
Zed Books
New York
2001
139-52
Krissman, 2005
F. Krissman
Sin cayote ni patron: Why the migrant network fails to explain international migration
International Migration Review
39
2005
4-44
Lasagna,(1964).,
Lasagna, L. (1964). The Hippocratic Oath-modern version. Retrieved from: h t t p & # 5 8 ; & # 4 7 ; & # 4 7 ;www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/doctors/oath_modern.html
Lewin, 1935
K. Lewin
A dynamic theory of personality
1935
Lewis, 2005
S. Lewis
Race against time
2005
Lomnitz, 1977
L. Lomnitz
Networks and marginality
1977
Maclean et al., 1997
S.J. Maclean
F. Quadir
T.M. Shaw
Structural adjustment and the response of civil society in Bangladesh and Zimbabwe: A comparative Analysis
New Political Economy
2
1997
149-64
Mar’i, 1988
S.K. Mar’i
Challenges to minority counselling: Arabs in Israel
International Journal of the Advancement in Counselling
11
1988
5-21
Martinez, (2011). et al., 5040
Martinez, E. (2011). Tri-Valley University raid: Feds probe Calif. “sham university” for immigration fraud. CBS News.com. Retrieved from: h t t p & # 5 8 ; & # 4 7;/www.cbsnews.com/8301-504083_162-20030216-504083.html
Massey and Taylor, 2004
S.D. Massey
J.E. Taylor
International migration: Prospects and policies in a global market
2004
Massey, 1990
D. Massey
Social structure, household strategies, and the cumulative causation of migration
Populations Index
56
1990
3-26
Mattoo et al., 2008
A. Mattoo
C.I. Neagu
C. Ozden
Brain waste? Educated immigrants in the US labor market
Journal of Economic Development
87
2008
255-69
Mullan, 2007
F. Mullan
Health, equity, and political economy: A conversation with Paul Farmer
Health Affairs
26
2007
1062-8
Murray et al., 1938
H.A. Murray
W.G. Barrett
E. Homburger
W.C. Langer
H.S. Meekel
C.D. Morgan
R.E. Wolf
Explorations in personality: A clinical and experimental study of fifty men of college age
1938
Ozden and Schiff, 2006
International migration, remittances & the brain drain
The World Bank & Palgrave Macmillan
Washington, DC and New York
2006
Paterson and Keley, 2000
T.R. Paterson
R.D.G. Keley
Unfinished migration
African Studies Review
3
2000
11-45
Perkins and Procentese, 2010
D.D. Perkins
F. Procentese
Disordine percepito, paura, o xenofobia? Un modello globale di ricerca - azione con le comunità di immigrati [Perceived disorder, fear or xenophobia?. A comprehensive model for action research on immigrant communities]
Rivista di Psicologia di Comunità (special issue on ecological models and migration)
6
2010
25-39
Portes and Bach, 1985
A. Portes
L.R. Bach
Latin journey: Cuban and Mexican immigrants in the United States
1985
Portes and De Wind, 2004
A. Portes
J. De Wind
A cross-Atlantic dialogue: The progress of research and theory in the study of international migration
International Migration Review
38
2004
828-51
Portes and Walton, 1981
A. Portes
J. Walton
Labor, class and the international system
1981
Prilleltensky, 2008
I. Prilleltensky
The role of power in wellness, oppression, and liberation: An integration of psychological and political dynamics
Journal of Community Psychology
36
2008
116-36
Ravenstein, 1885
E.G. Ravenstein
The laws of migration
Journal of the Royal Statistical Society
48
1885
167-227
Rapoport, 2002
H. Rapoport
Who is afraid of the brain drain?Human capital flight and growth in developing countries (Policy brief, April 2002)
2002
Rothman, 2000
D.J. Rothman
Medical professionalism-focusing on the real issues
The New England Journal of Medicine
342
2000
1284-6
Rowe, (2000). et al., 2000
Rowe, J. (2000). Eat, sleep, buy, die. The New Internationalist. Retrieved from: h t t p & # 5 8 ; & # 47;/www.newint.org/features/2000/11/05/eat/
Sassen, 1988
S. Sassen
The mobility of labor and capital: A study in international investment and labor flow
1988
Saxenian, 2005
L.A. Saxenian
From brain drain to brain circulation: Transnational communities and regional upgrading in India and China
Studies in Comparative International Development
40
2
2005
35-61
Schultz, 1961
T.W. Schultz
Investment in humar capital: American Economic Association presidential address
American Economic Review
51
1961
1-17
Sen, 1999
A. Sen
Development as freedom
1999
Schiff, 2006
M. Schiff
Brain ga Claims about its size impact on welfare growth are greatly exaggerated
International migration, remittances, and brain drain
World Bank & Palgrave Macmillan
Washington, DC & New York
2006
201-25
Siegel, 2009
B. Siegel
Forward
The mindful medical student: A psychiatrist's guide to staying who you are while becoming who you want to be
Dartmouth University Press
Hanover, NH
2009
Smail, 2002
D. Smail
Psychology and power: Understanding human action, Journal of Critical Psychology
Counselling and Psychotherapy
2
2002
1-10
Tilly, 1990
C. Tilly
Transplanted networks
Immigration reconsidered
Oxford University Press
New York
1990
79-95
Todaro, 1969
P.M. Todaro
A model of labor migration and urban unemployment in less developed countries
American Economic Review
59
1969
138-48
Census, (2009). et al., 2008
US Census (2009). Table 1: Annual estimates of the resident population for counties of Tennessee: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008 (CO-EST2008-01-47). Retrieved from: h t t p & # 5 8 ; & # 4 7 ; & # 4 7 ; w w w & # 4 6;census.gov/popest/counties/tables/COEST2008-01-47.xls
Vertovec and Cohen, 1999
S. Vertovec
R. Cohen
Migration, diasporas
and transnationalism
1999
Wallerstein, 1974
I. Wallerstein
The modern world system: Capitalist agriculture and the origins of the European world-economy in the sixteenth century
1974
World Health Organization, in press
World Health Organization (n.d.). Global health observatory data repository. Retrieved from: http://apps.who.int/ghodata/?theme=country

Copyright © 2024. Colegio Oficial de la Psicología de Madrid

© Copyright 2024. Colegio Oficial de la Psicología de Madrid ContactPrivacy PolicyCookies Policy

We use our own and third­party cookies. The data we compile is analysed to improve the website and to offer more personalized services. By continuing to browse, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. For more information, see our cookies policy

Aceptar