ES EN
Vol. 23. Num. 3. - 2014. Pages 177-185

Determinants of late diagnosis of HIV infection in Spain

[Determinantes del diagnóstico tardío de la infección por VIH en España]

María José Fuster Ruiz de Apodaca1 , Fernando Molero Alonso2 , Encarnación Nouvilas2 , Piedad Arazo2 , David Dalmau2


1Sociedad Española Interdisciplinaria del Sida SEISIDA ,2Univ. Nal. Educación Distancia, España


https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psi.2014.07.011

Abstract

The main goal of this study was to analyse the determinants of late diagnosis of HIV infection. Secondly, we studied the role of the perception of risk and sexual orientation in HIV testing. Twenty-five people with late HIV diagnosis were interviewed. They were contacted through hospitals and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). To design the interview, we integrated the variables considered in the main models of health-related behaviour. We followed a mixed strategy of analysis. Firstly, we carried out the maticanalysis of the interviews, followed by quantitative analysis of the initially qualitative data. The results revealed that the most relevant determinants were the appraisal of the threat of HIV and the low perception of HIV risk. Also, the study found many missed opportunities for diagnosis in health-care setting. Low perception of HIV risk was related to unrealistic optimism, low levels of information about HIV, and the presence of stereotypes about people with HIV. High perception of HIV risk was related to strategies to avoid testing. Homosexuals reported a more positive balance between the benefits of knowing their diagnosis and having the disease. The results provide clues that can guide the design of future strategies to promote early diagnosis.

Resumen

El objetivo principal de este estudio fue analizar los determinantes del diagnóstico tardío de la infecciónpor VIH. Asimismo, se estudió el papel que jugaban en ello la percepción de riesgo y la orientación sexual.Se entrevistó a 25 personas con VIH, con las que se estableció contacto a través de hospitales y de organizacionesno gubernamentales (ONG). Para el diseño del guión de la entrevista se partió de una integración delas variables consideradas en los principales modelos de conductas de salud. Se siguió una estrategia mixtade análisis. Primeramente, se realizó análisis temático de las entrevistas. Seguidamente, se realizaron análisiscuantitativos sobre los datos cualitativos. Se halló que los determinantes más relevantes eran la valoraciónde amenaza del VIH y la baja percepción de riesgo. Se hallaron también oportunidades perdidas dediagnóstico en el sistema sanitario. La baja percepción de riesgo se asociaba con el optimismo irrealista, lapoca información sobre el VIH y los estereotipos sobre las personas con VIH. La alta percepción de riesgo serelacionaba con las estrategias de evitación del test. Los discursos de las personas homosexuales mostraronun balance más positivo de los beneficios de conocer el diagnóstico. Los resultados sugieren claves quepueden guiar el diseño de futuras estrategias de promoción del diagnóstico precoz. 

Keywords

HIV
Late diagnosis
Determinants of health behaviour Qualitative study

Palabras clave

VIH
Diagnóstico tardío
Determinantes de conductas de salud Estudio cualitativo
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