ES EN
Vol. 20. Num. 3. - 2011. Pages 281-294

Migrant Workers´ Community in China: Relationships among Social Networks, Life Satisfaction and Political Participation

[Comunidad de Trabajadores Emigrantes en China: Relaciones entre Redes Sociales, Satisfacción Vital y Participación Política]

Xu, Qingwen Palmer, Neal A.


https://doi.org/10.5093/in2011v20n3a5

Abstract

The millions of persons migrating from China´s rural areas to urban spaces have contributed greatly to the country´s decades-long economic growth, and the influx of migrants has changed the fabric of China´s urban social and economic life. These internal migrants, similar to many international immigrants, depend heavily on their social networks, which are often developed in their rural villages, for jobs, housing, financial assistance, and social support both during and after migration. Consequently, migrants´ networks function distinctly in well-being and behavior. Using data from the 2006 China General Social Survey, this article seeks to 1) investigate the existence of migrant sub-groups in China, 2) understand the characteristics of social networks among sub-groups, and 3) explore the relationships social networks hold to life satisfaction and political participation among China´s migrant population. This article asserts that China´s migrant population includes several sub-groups emerging on the basis of gender, education, age, and marital status, which in turn produce different patterns of ties and social interactions among their social networks. While this article finds very different employment patterns among migrant sub-groups, migrant networks do not appear to strongly influence perceptions and behaviors, such as life satisfaction and political participation. This article also argues that individual networks could facilitate the development of migrant communities in cities.

Resumen

Durante décadas, millones de personas han emigrado desde las áreas rurales de China hacia las ciudades, y realizado una importante contribución al desarrollo económico del país, cambiando el tejido social y económico de las ciudades. Estos emigrantes internos, al igual que los inmigrantes internacionales, dependen en gran medida de sus redes sociales para encontrar trabajo, vivienda, asistencia financiera, y apoyo social tanto durante como después de la migración, contribuyendo significativamente a su bienestar. A partir de los datos del Encuesta Social General de China del 2006, este artículo 1) describe los diferentes subgrupos de inmigración en China, 2) analiza las características de sus redes sociales, y 3) explora la contribución de éstas a su participación política y satisfacción vital. Este artículo propone clasificar la población emigrante china en subgrupos por razón de género, educación, edad y estado civil, los cuales producen diferentes patrones de conexiones e interacciones entre sus redes sociales. El presente estudio revela patrones de empleo muy diferenciados entre los distintos subgrupos de emigrantes, en cambio sus redes no parecen tener una importante contribución en sus percepciones y conductas, tales como su satisfacción vital y participación política. Este artículo también plantea que las redes personales podrían facilitar el desarrollo de las comunidades de emigrantes en las ciudades.

Palabras clave

análisis de cluster#análisis de red#emigración interna china#hukou#migración del campo a la ciudad
References
Aguilera, 2003
M.B. Aguilera
The impact of the worker: How social capital and human capital influence the job tenure of formerly undocumented Mexican immigrants
Sociological Inquiry
73
2003
52-83
Asia Foundation, 2010
Asia Foundation (September 29, 2010), China's new generation of migrants. Retrieved in November 29, 2010 from h t t p & # 5 8 ; & # 4 7 ; & # 4 7 ; a s i a f o u n d a t i o n & # 4 6 ; o rg/in-asia/2010/09/29/chinas-newgeneration-of-migrants/
Al-Ali et al., 2001
N. Al-Ali
R. Black
K. Koser
The limits to ‘transnationalism’: Bosnian and Eritrean refugees in Europe as emerging transnational communities
Ethnic and Racial Studies
24
2001
578-600
Appleton and Song, 2008
S. Appleton
L. Song
Life satisfaction in urban China: Components and determinants
World Development
36
2008
2325-40
Bankston and Zhou, 1995
C.L. Bankston III
M. Zhou
Religious participation, ethnic identification, and adaptation of Vietnamese adolescents in an immigrant community
The Sociological Quarterly
36
1995
523-34
Bashi, 2007
V. Bashi
Survival of the knitted: Immigrant social networks in a stratified world.
2007
Bergman et al., 2003
L. Bergman
D. Magnusson
B. El-Khouri
Studying individual development in an inter-individual context: A person-oriented approach.
2003
Bian, 2001
Y. Bian
Guanxi capital and social eating in Chinese cities: Theoretical models and empirical analyses
Social capital: Theory and research
Transaction Publishers
New BrunswickNJ
2001
275-96
Bolzman and Fibbi, 1991
C. Bolzman
R. Fibbi
Collective assertion strategies of immigrants in Switzerland
International Sociology
6
1991
321-41
Bourdieu, 1986
P. Bourdieu
The forms of capital
Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education
Greenwood
New York
1986
241-58
Breton, 1964
R. Breton
Institutional completeness of ethnic communities and the personal relations of immigrants
The American Journal of Sociology
70
1964
193-205
Breton, 2011
Breton, R. (2003). Social capital and the civic participation of immigrants and members of ethno-cultural groups. Paper presented at the conference on The opportunities and challenges of diversity: A role of social capital? in Montreal, Canada. Retrieved in october 24, 2011 from h t t p & #58;//www.horizons.gc.ca/doclib/OECD_RaymondBre ton_E.pdf .
China's National, 2011
China's National Population and Family Planning Commission (2010). Current living situation of migrant population in China: A pilot survey of migrant population in five major cities. Retrieved in June 28, 2011 from h t t p & # 5 8 ; & # 4 7 ; & # 4 7 ; w w w & # 4 6 ; d r c n e t & # 4 6 ; c o m & # 4 6 ; c n & # 4 7 ; d r c n e t & # 4 6 ; c o m m o n & # 4 6 ; w e b /DocView.aspx?docid=2165214&chnid=34?afid=100 .
Coleman, 1988
J. Coleman
Social capital in the creation of human capital
American Journal of Sociology
94
1988
S95-S120
Diwan, 2008
S. Diwan
Limited English proficiency, social network characteristics, and depressive symptoms among older immigrants
Journal of Gerontology Series B
63
3
2008
S184-91
Fan, 2001
C.C. Fan
The elite, the native, and the outsiders: Migration and labor market segmentation in urban China
Annals of the Association of American Geographers
92
2001
103-24
Fan, 2004
C.C. Fan
The state, the migrant labor regime, and maiden workers in China
Political Geography
23
2004
283-305
Fennema and Tillie, 2001
M. Fennema
J. Tillie
Civic community, political participation, and political trust of ethnic groups
Connections
24
2001
26-41
Fijac and Sonn, 2004
B.M. Fijac
C. Sonn
Pakistani-Muslim immigrant women in Western Australia: Perceptions of identity, culture and community
Network
16
2004
18-27
Garcia, 2005
C. Garcia
Buscando Trabajo: Social networking among immigrants from Mexico to the United States
Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences
27
2005
3-22
Gidengil and Stolle, 2009
E. Gidengil
D. Stolle
The role of social networks in immigrant women's political incorporation
International Migration Review
43
2009
727-63
Guarnizo et al., 2003
L.E. Guarnizo
A. Portes
W. Haller
Assimilation and transnationalism: Determinants of transnational political action among contemporary migrants
American Journal of Sociology
108
2003
1211-48
Hagan, 1998
J.M. Hagan
Social networks, gender, and immigrant incorporation: Resources and constraints
American Sociological Review
63
1998
55-67
Hong Kong, 2008
Hong Kong University of Science & Technology Survey Research Center (2004). Chinese General Social Survey (China GSS). Hong Kong University of Science & Technology Survey Research Center. Retrieved in March 8, 2008 at http://www.ust.hk/~websoscc/survey/GSS_ e.html
Jasinskaja-Lahti et al., 2006
I. Jasinskaja-Lahti
K. Liebkind
M. Jaakkola
A. Reuter
Perceived discrimination, social support networks, and psychological well-being among three immigrant groups
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology
37
2006
293-331
Knight and Yueh, 2004
J. Knight
L. Yueh
Job mobility of residents and migrants in China
Journal of Comparative Economics
32
2004
637-60
Li and Wang, 2001
H. Li
Q. Wang
Guanxi as a way of community organizing: A perspective to study migrant workers
Villagers in cities
Central Compilation & Translation Press
Beijing
2001
Li, 2002
P. Li
Radical change: The end of villages—Study of the villages in cities
China Social Sciences
1
2002
168-79
Li, 2004
P.S. Li
Social capital and economic outcomes for immigrants and ethnic minorities
Journal of International Migration and Integration
5
2004
171-90
Li et al., 2007
S. Li
X. Yang
Z. Yue
X. Jin
Migrant workers’ social support networks and factors of impact
Journal of Xi’an Jiaotong University (Social Sciences)
27
2007
67-76
Lin, 2000
N. Lin
Inequality in social capital
Contemporary Sociology
29
2000
785-95
Lin et al., 2001
Social capital: Theory and research
Transaction Publishers
New Brunswick, NJ
2001
Lin et al., 2009
S. Lin
L. Zhang
Y. Lin
Study of the relationship between social networks and migrant workers’ satisfaction towards job
Shanghai Management Science
31
2009
63-8
Litwin and Leshem, 2008
H. Litwin
E. Leshem
Late-life migration, work status, and survival: The case of older immigrants from the Former Soviet Union in Israel
International Migration Review
42
2008
903-25
Liu, 2003
Y.-L. Liu
Aging service need and use among Chinese-American seniors: Intragroup variations
Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology
19
2003
273-301
Liu, 2008
C. Liu
Analysis of female migrants’ social insurance dilemma
Journal of University of Science and Technology of Suzhou (Social Science)
25
4
2008
43-7
Lu, 2007
L. Lu
¿¿¿¿¿: ¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿ ¿¿¿¿¿¿ (¿¿¿¿¿) [The dilemma of engagement and exclusion: The embarrassing situation of peasant workers in the city]
Southwest University Journal (Social Sciences Edition)
33
6
2007
97-104
Martínez et al., 2001
M. Martínez
M. García-Ramírez
I. Maya
Una tipología analítica de las redes de apoyo social de los inmigrantes africanos en Andalucía
Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas
95
2001
99-125
McMichael and Manderon, 2004
C. McMichael
L. Manderon
Somali women and well-being: Social networks and social capital among immigrant women in Australia
Human Organization
63
2004
88-99
Meng, 2000
X. Meng
Labor market reform in China
2000
Menjivar, 2000
C. Menjivar
Fragmented ties: Salvadoran immigrant networks in America
2000
National Bureau, 2010
National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China (2009, March 25). Rural migrant workers amounted to 225.42 million nationwide at the end of 2008. Beijing, National Bureau of Statistics of China. Retrieved in January 10, 2010 from h t t p & # 5 8 ; & # 4 7 ; & # 4 7 ; w w w .stats.gov.cn/tjfx/fxbg/t20090325_402547406.htm .
Neto, 2001
F. Neto
Satisfaction with life among adolescents from immigrant families in Portugal
Journal of Youth and Adolescence
30
2001
53-67
Ong, 2004
P. Ong
Asian American demographics and civil rights
AAPI Nexus
2
2004
105-28
Palloni et al., 2001
A. Palloni
D.S. Massey
M. Ceballos
K. Espinosa
M. Spittel
Social capital and international migration: A test using information on family networks
American Journal of Sociology
106
2001
1262-98
Palmer et al., 2001
N. Palmer
D. Perkins
Q. Xu
Social capital and community participation by migrant workers in China
Journal of Community Psychology
39
2001
89-105
Pessar, 1995
P.P. Pessar
The elusive enclave: Ethnicity, class, and nationality among Latino entrepreneurs in greater Washington, DC
Human Organization
54
1995
383-92
Pomfret et al., 2010
Pomfret, J. & Soh, K. (July 5, 2010). Special reports: China's new migrant workers pushing the line. Reuters. Retrieved in November 29, 2010 from h ttp://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6640QD20100705 .
Portes and Landholt, 1996
A. Portes
P. Landholt
The downside of social capital
The American Prospect
26
1996
8-21
Portes, 1998
A. Portes
Social capital: Its origins and applications in modern sociology
Annual Review of Sociology
24
1998
1-24
Putnam, 1993
R.D. Putnam
Making democracy work: Civic traditions in modern Italy
1993
Qian and Chen, 2003
Q. Qian
Y. Chen
Study over transient population settlement in megapolis with Zhejiang village of Beijing and Shipai area of Guanzhou as cases
Urban Population
27
11
2003
60-4
Ruf, 1998
G.A. Ruf
Cades and kin: Making a socialist village in West China, 1921-1991
Stanford University Press
1998
Shan, 2007
J. Shan
¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿ ¿¿¿¿ [Migrant workers’ social network transition]
Urban Problems
4
2007
59-63
Sun, 2010
X. Sun
¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿ ¿¿ [Political participation of rural-to-urban migrants: An aspect of social network analysis]
Society
30
2010
46-68
Tang and Feng, 2000
C. Tang
X. Feng
Stratification of floating population in “Henan Village”
Sociological Studies (China)
115
4
2000
72-85
Teixeira and Albuquerque, 2005
A. Teixeira
R. Albuquerque
Active civic participation of immigrants in Portugal
A Country Report prepared for the European research project POLITIS
2005
Tillie and Slijper, 2007
J. Tillie
B. Slijper
Immigrant political integration and ethnic civic communities in Amsterdam
Identities, affiliations and allegiances
University Press
Cambridge
2007
206-302
Ullman and Tatar, 2001
C. Ullman
M. Tatar
Psychological adjustment among Israeli adolescent immigrants: A report on life satisfaction, self-concept, and self-esteem
Journal of Youth and Adolescence
30
2001
449-63
Veronis, 2010
L. Veronis
Immigrant participation in the transnational era: Latin Americans’ experiences with collective organising in Toronto
International Migration & Integration
11
2010
173-92
Waldinger, 1997
Waldinger, R. (1997). Social capital or social closure? Immigrant networks in the labor market. Working paper. Los Angeles: The Lewis Center for Regional Policy Studies.
Wang, 2001
C. Wang
Social identity of the new generation of rural hobo and merger of urban and rural
Sociological Studies (China)
3
2001
65-78
Wang, 2001
C. Wang
¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿ ¿¿¿¿¿ [Social identity of the new generation of rural hobo and merger of urban and rural]
Sociological Research
3
2001
65-78
Wang and Qin, 2002
D. Wang
W. Qin
Study on the intergenerational difference of the farmer labors—A comparative study about farmer labors in Chengdu
Population Research (China)
26
5
2002
49-54
Wang, 1997
H. Wang
“¿¿¿”: ¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿ ¿¿¿¿¿ [“Zhejiang Village:” Chinese peasants’ unique way of migrating to cities]
Sociological Research
1
1997
56-67
Wang and Lo, 2003
Wang, S. & Lo, L. (2003). Chinese immigrants in Canada: Their changing composition and economic performance. Research paper presented to the Conference on Sub-ethnicity in the Chinese Diaspora, September 12-13, University of Toronto.
Wang, 2009
W. Wang
Measuring the social network capital in the Chinese socio-cultural context
Society (China)
29
3
2009
146-58
Wang and Tong, 2004
Y. Wang
X. Tong
Exploration of social support networks of the migrants
Sociological Studies (China)
2
2004
42-8
Xiang, 2000
B. Xiang
Community crossing border—“Zhejiang Village” in Beijing
2000
Xu, 2010
Q. Xu
Migrant workers in China: Rights and security
Regional Development Dialogue
31
2010
114-29
Yang, 2002
M.M. Yang
The resilience of Guanxi and its new deployments: A critique of some new Guanxi scholarship
China Quarterly
170
2002
459-76
Ye et al., 2005
W. Ye
X. Ge
Y. Ye
Migrating women's career development and its impact factors: The case of Xiamen
Population Research
29
2005
66-73
Ying, 1992
Y.-W. Ying
Life satisfaction among San Francisco Chinese-Americans
Social Indicators Research
26
1992
1-22
Ying, 1996
Y.-W. Ying
Immigration satisfaction of Chinese Americans
Journal of Community Psychology
24
1996
3-16
Zhao, 2003
Y. Zhao
The role of migrant networks in labor migration: The case of China
Contemporary Economic Policy
21
2003
500-11
Zhou, 2002
H. Zhou
The elderly in the inter-provincial migration: Evidence from Beijing
Chinese Journal of Population Science
2
2002
35-41

Copyright © 2024. Colegio Oficial de la Psicología de Madrid

© Copyright 2024. Colegio Oficial de la Psicología de Madrid ContactPrivacy PolicyCookies Policy

We use our own and third­party cookies. The data we compile is analysed to improve the website and to offer more personalized services. By continuing to browse, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. For more information, see our cookies policy

Aceptar